Tag Archive for: weight loss

Research on Health and Apple Cider Vinegar

/in /by

Watching more television than usual means I’m seeing more commercials than I’m used to seeing. It’s time to take a look at some dietary supplements that make health claims in television commercials. I’m going to focus on the science behind any claims being made on the product label or on the product’s website to see if they pass the FDA regulations. The product claims are worded as the FDA suggests; the question is whether the science is substantial enough to make the type of claims the FDA allows.

The first product is Goli, an apple cider vinegar (ACV) gummy supplement. The website makes claims about weight loss, appetite control, blood sugar control, energy, immune function, detox, gut health, skin, and heart health. I chose to examine heart health.

The company used three studies to support the claim. The first examined the use of 750 and 1,500 mg of ACV in a drink. The results showed no clear pattern of benefit although triglycerides went down. The second study compared a group using ACV plus calorie reduction with a control group that had no intervention; in this case, the restricted calories could explain any benefits. Finally, they used data from the Nurses Health Study that reported better heart outcomes in women who used oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. The focus of that research was on the type of oil, not the type of vinegar.

Based on the FDA Guidelines, claims cannot be made from research that uses an ingredient in food as the substantiation for a benefit from a dietary supplement. I checked the research on several of the other claims they made and the research they used, and I came to the same conclusion. They may be very tasty gummies, but the research does not appear to support the claims they make. But if you want to take a gummy or two to reduce your appetite, our grandson Riley recommends sour gummy worms. Just FYI.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

References:
1. Guidance for Industry: Substantiation for Dietary Supplement Claims Made Under Section 403(r) (6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. https://bit.ly/2QLDRa2
2. Biosci, Biotechnol, Biochem. 2009; 73(8):1837-1843.
3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.003.
4. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2001; 20:1(5-19).

Holiday Eating: The Best Solution So Far

/in /by

In our quest to find the best holiday eating strategy, we may have been looking at the wrong metric. Prior researchers have been looking at the subjects reporting of how well they stuck to their eating habits and exercise program. The final study looked at a hard metric: body weight. Here’s what they did.

Researchers recruited subjects who were overweight and obese but had been losing weight, plus a group of normal-weight subjects. They further divided the two groups into control groups and experimental groups. The control groups simply weighed in before the holiday season began at Thanksgiving, after the season ended on January 1st, and again a month later. The experimental groups also weighed in during those times but in addition, they were told to weigh in every day using a scale with Wi-Fi access. Their results were displayed graphically to chart progress.

What happened? The control groups, whether overweight, obese, or normal weight, gained an average of close to six pounds during the holiday season. The normal weight subjects who weighed themselves daily maintained their weight. Those who were overweight and obese continued to lose weight, losing on average 2.5 pounds. At the one month follow-up, the control group lost only half the weight they gained over the holidays. Researchers speculate that annual holiday weight gain contributes to weight gain over years.

The Bottom Line

What’s the best strategy for holiday eating? There are two things that are critical: maintain your exercise program and weigh yourself regularly, preferably every day. True, your daily weight will fluctuate but you won’t let it get away from you—that’s when you get into trouble. As for your eating habits, not every day is a holiday party with mass quantities of food to consume. Chill out a little during the parties and pitch-ins, but for the most part, stick to your regular eating habits; that applies whether you’re overweight or not. I think that’s the best strategy for the holiday season.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

Reference: Obesity. 2019;27(6):908-916. doi: 10.1002/oby.22454

Is a Relaxed Holiday Eating Plan Better?

/in /by

The Portuguese Weight Control Registry is similar to the National Weight Control Registry. While the amount lost is different, 11 pounds, the members still have to have kept the weight off at least a year. Researchers asked what techniques participants used for weight maintenance, comparing weekdays versus weekends and holidays versus non-holidays. The criteria were different. Those researchers were looking at weight regain of 3% or less that was maintained for an additional year. What did they find?

Subjects who relaxed their eating plan on weekends maintained their weight loss better than those who strictly adhered to their diet and exercise regimen. The comparison with holiday and non-holiday habits didn’t show any differences in weight regain. There were a significant number of subjects who dropped out, and that probably impacted the results.

Neither of these studies on the Registries was perfect but it does give us some insight. Depending on your mental make-up, it may be better to stick to your regimen during the holidays or maybe you can relax a little. While not reported, it would depend on your mental willpower at the time. That might change year to year. Well, where does that leave you? One more study to review that might provide the solution.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

Reference: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0430-x

Should You Have a Strict Holiday Eating Strategy?

/in /by

Tis the season for gaining weight. It began on Thanksgiving, but we’re in it big time now. If you’ve lost weight and want to make sure you don’t see it again, what do you do? Let’s review some of the research on strategies that people who’ve lost weight and maintained it have used.

The first is a report from the National Weight Control Registry. In order to be a subject in that study, you have to lose 30 pounds and maintain it for at least a year. Researchers took a group of recent additions to the study and asked them specific question on their strategies during the upcoming holiday season at that time, and then tracked how they did. They also recruited a group of normal weight people and did the same thing.

Most of the experimental group said they were going to follow their typical routine as related to diet and exercise plan. In other words, they were going to try to strictly follow their weight loss routine. The normal weight individuals didn’t really have any special plans. Most successful losers did follow their plan although it was more difficult during the holiday season. About the same percentage of successful losers and normal weight subjects gained weight, maintained their weight, or lost weight during the holiday season. The difference was that the successful losers found it more challenging to do so based on their response to survey questions.

Is that the best strategy? Stay the course? Another study on Thursday.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

Reference: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008. 76(3): 442–448.

Can Fasting Reduce Inflammation?

/in /by

In this Memo, I’ll review the third paper from the recent journal Cell on fasting and summarize what this all may mean for the use of intermittent fasting.

Researchers used both mice and humans as subjects in a series of studies. The objective was to examine how the immune system responded to a fasting protocol. For the study in humans, the subjects fasted for 19 hours after eating, with blood samples taken before and after the fast. In the mice, a variety of protocols were used. The most common was mice were fed for a short time before food was withheld for the remainder of 24 hours.

In mice and humans, circulating monocytes were reduced. This was important because they were pro-inflammatory in nature; thus inflammation decreased in response to the fasting protocol. In some of the studies, this reduction was maintained even with exposure to pathogens. That means the immune response was not compromised even in animals with induced autoimmune diseases.

Fasting Protocols

Three different studies used at least three different approaches to fasting. In the first study, food was withheld completely for 36 hours. In some phases of the second study, calories were reduced by 50% although the vitamins, minerals, and protein were maintained at normal levels. The final study used a fasting protocol we’re most familiar with: eat within a few hours and liquids only the remainder of the day.

The results were similar in sustaining and perhaps improving the immune system of the animals when placed under pathogenic stress. The only issue is what form of dietary restriction worked best? You can’t ask mice how they felt; you can only check immune system markers. In one of the approaches, the skin of the mice was injured at different times of continued fasting. The healing ability continued until the fast went beyond 48 hours; after that wound-healing was impaired.

The Bottom Line

These studies haven’t changed my approach to fasting. If you’re going to fast to rejuvenate your immune system, don’t play games. Reduce caloric intake to 500 to 800 calories per day for two to three days; those studies show the best benefit. Be sure to select small quantities of the healthiest foods.

Fasting is not abstinence. The current approaches to intermittent fasting are really intermittent abstinence. The idea is to abstain from food completely for 12 to 18 hours while still drinking liquids. That may not be possible for everyone. Some medications have to be taken in relation to food intake. Pre-diabetics and type 2 diabetics should still monitor blood sugar, especially if exercising during the fasting times. The current intermittent fasting approach is more about controlling when you eat than anything else, and that’s something you should do anyway.

I believe in fasting. That’s why I wrote Real-Life Detox—so you could do it right and gain the most benefit. The critical thing is to find a way to eat that you can sustain for the rest of your life, and that includes occasional fasts.

Eat less. Eat better. Move more. That’s always the goal.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

References:
1. Cell. 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.047.
2. Cell. 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.049.
3. Cell. 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.050

Fasting and Immune Function

/in /by

Intermittent fasting is the latest health fad. When I say fad, I mean there are as many definitions of what it means as there are experts. In a recent edition of the journal Cell, three papers were published that provided some insight into the effects of three different types of intermittent fasting on three different systems involved in immune function. That’s our topic of the week. I’ll present each study and comment on the implications on Saturday.

In the first paper, researchers used juvenile mice to examine changes in immune function in sections of the intestine called Peyer’s patches (PP). These patches form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. The mice were fasted for 36 hours. Results were compared with normally fed mice that served as controls.

During fasting, immune cells were disrupted and thus compromised the typical immune response; specifically, B cells were sent to bone marrow. It’s difficult to say whether this is a protective mechanism or not. The B cells were returned to the PP during re-feeding. There were many more parts of the study, but the bottom line was that the immune system was compromised during fasting and remained impaired for a time after re-feeding.

We’ll take a look at the second study on Thursday.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

References:
1. Cell. 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.047.
2. http://bit.ly/2lxYIRa.

What Counts: Exercise or Movement?

/in /by

This week is planting week around the house, so Paula and I will be working around the yard each day. What we won’t do is go to the gym to work out. In thinking about it, that raises the issue of the myth of physical activity: does yardwork count or do you have to get your heart rate to a certain amount?

The answer is it all counts. In fact, if your lifestyle forces you to move a couple of times an hour, all day long, that’s associated with living longer. We’ve lost the equivalent of 700 calories of daily activity due to technological advances in the past century; those are calories that contribute to the weight gain that’s been creeping up on us. We could cut 700 calories from our daily diet or we can find ways to use another 700 calories every day. Anything and everything you can do to use calories throughout the day counts. Gardening and yardwork definitely count in that process, and as the image shows, it’s movement you can pass on to future generations.

We’ll look at a food myth on Thursday.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

Fast Isn’t Just His Speed

/in /by

There’s one more lesson we learned about how the staff helps keep the birds of prey from getting fat: one day a week, the birds fast. They simply don’t feed them anything other than what may make a mistake and crawl into their cages—which are the size of a living room.

Fasting. What a concept! It’s a gimmick that’s being taught a variety of ways in weight loss programs and books. Maybe to trick the metabolism. Maybe to stay in ketosis. Baloney.

Fasting reflects what happens to the birds of prey when they live in the wild. There are days when they don’t catch anything, or they don’t find carrion. On those days, they don’t eat.

That used to happen to us as well when we didn’t catch animals or the crops failed. When all you have to do is drive to the supermarket or the drive-thru and buy whatever you want to eat, forced hunger doesn’t happen any more. We have to decide to do it. It’s no gimmick; it mimics real life.

I hope this look at what we learned at the Center for Birds of Prey was informative. There’s a lot more I covered in this month’s Conference Call; you can still listen by becoming an Insider. Check it out.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

Do Birds of Prey Count Calories?

/in /by

One of the things about bird of prey that surprised me was how light birds such as eagles and vultures really are; that’s a turkey vulture above. While the weight can vary depending on the origin of the eagles, they weigh 6–10 pounds. With a wingspan of 6–7 feet, they seem imposing, but in reality they’re mostly feathers and feathers really don’t weigh all that much.

The birds are weighed regularly, and their diet is adjusted to prevent weight gain. The staff portions how much they eat by the number of calories the food contains. In other words, the staff counts calories for the birds. Let me repeat that: they control the birds’ weight by counting calories.

Calorie counting works for birds of prey and it works for humans as well. In The Weight Loss Cycle CD of the Optimal Performance Program, I cover all the research that proves why that’s true. I know what you read and hear elsewhere, but I’m here to tell you that counting calories keeps these magnificent creatures at their target weight. It will work for you, too.

One more lesson from the birds of prey, and I think it will surprise you. That’s coming on Saturday.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet

What Can We Learn from Birds of Prey?

/in /by

When Paula and I spent last week visiting our son and daughter-in-law in Summerville, South Carolina, one of the things we did was visit the Center for Birds of Prey, and it was a tremendous experience. We saw bald eagles, turkey vultures, horned owls, storks, and many more, including a truly amazing flying demo with a hawk, an owl, a kite, and a vulture. The birds on permanent display have been injured and wouldn’t survive if returned to the wild. I could spend all week on a single bird and still not cover all we learned. To find out more, check out their website www.thecenterforbirdsofprey.org, and if you’re near Charleston, plan to visit. They do wonderful work rescuing birds of prey and nursing them back to health as well as breeding birds for other educational programs or to help save a species.

Paula asked a great question during the flight demonstration: do the birds in captivity get fat? The answer forms the basis for this week’s Memos. The answer is yes, of course. When a bird must fly for hours to find and catch food, it uses a lot of calories. If the birds can’t fly, they die in the wild. When the birds are in captivity, they can’t burn enough calories so if they eat as much as they want, they get fat.

Lesson? If you’re not moving regularly and every day, it’s really hard to control your weight. More on Thursday.

What are you prepared to do today?

        Dr. Chet